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Glossary |
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µ:
(mu) a micron, 1µ=0.001 millimetre (one-thousandth of a millimeter)adnate: (of gills) connected to stem by whole depth of gill, e.g. Stropharia aeruginosa adnexed: (of gills) connected to stem by part of the depth of the gill adpressed: closely flattened onto surface agaric: general term for a fungus with gills Ammonia: a 50% aqueous solution amyloid: turning blue-black in iodine solutions such as Melzer’s reagent appendiculate: fringed with remains of the veil, e.g. Lacrymaria velutina appressed: closely flattened onto surface Ascomycetes: one of the major groups in fungi containing all those producing spores in asci which are liberated by pressure ascospores: reproductive cell of the Ascomycetes ascus: (plural asci) elongated cell in which ascospores are produced basidia: club-shaped cells on which spores are produced in Basidiomycetes Basidiomycetes: a major and very diverse group of fungi,including gill fungi, boletes, polypores, clavarias, jelly fungi and Gasteromycetes, characterized by the presence of Basidia basidiospore: reproductive cell of the Basidiomycetes binding hyphae: much-branched, thick-walled hyphae without dividing cell walls which bind other hyphae together bulb: abrupt swelling at stem base bulbous: swollen into a bulb, e.g. Cortinarius auroturbinatus caespitose: joined in tufts, e.g. Hypholoma fasiculare campanulate: bell-shaped, e.g. Conocybe lactea capillitium: mass of sterile threadlike fibres among the spores in the Gasteromycetes which may aid spore dispersal capitate: with a round head cartilaginous: firm but flexible, as opposed to granular cheilocystidia: cystidia on the gill edge chlamydospore: a thick-walled, non-deciduous spore chrysocystidia: cystidia with granular contents which turn yellowish in alkali solutions clamp connection: a hyphal outgrowth connecting the two adjoining cells resulting from a cell division bypassing the dividing cell wall and apparently involved in the movement of nuclei clavate: club-like, e.g. Clitocybe clavipes coralloid: much-branched, corallike cortina: (adjective cortinate) weblike covering running between stem and cap edge enclosing the gills, e.g. Cortinarius auroturbinatus cortinal zone: faint remnant of cortina on stem crescentric: crescent-like in form cuticle: the surface tissue layer of the cap or stalk cystidiole: a sterile cell protruding beyond the spore-bearing surface cystidium: (plural cystidia) sterile cell, variable in shape, occurring between basidia in the sporebearing surface, or in other parts of the fruit body decurrent tooth: (of gill) where only the narrow end portion of the gill runs down the stem decurrent: (of gills) running down the stem, e.g. Clitocybe infundibuliformis dendroid: tree-like dermatocystidia: cystidia on the cap surface dextrinoid: turning reddish-brown with iodine solutions such as Melzer’s dichotomously: (branched) branching repeatedly in two dimitic: having two kinds of hyphae eccentric: (of stem) off center, not centered in the cap emarginate: (of gills) see sinuate equal: (of stem) being of the same thickness over its entire length excentric: off-centred FeSO4: solution or crystal applied to Russula stems may give significant colour change fibril: a small fibre fibrillose: covered with small fibres filiform: thread-like fimbriate: fringed flexuose, flexuous: undulating floccose: cottony, covered with cottony tufts free: (of gills) not connected to stem, e.g. Amanita muscaria fugacious: short-lived, fleeting fusiform: spindle-shaped, narrowing at both ends fusoid: somewhat spindle-shaped Gasteromycetes: a large, diverse group within the Basidiomycetes characterized by the basidiospores maturing within the fruit body; includes puff-balls, earth stars, stinkhorns and birds-nest fungi generative hyphae: thin-walled, branched hyphae with dividing cell walls, giving rise to other types of hyphae, e.g. binding hyphae germ-pore: a differentiated area in a spore wall which may give rise to a germination tube glabrous: smooth, hairless glandular dots: moist, sticky spots on surface of stem gleba: fleshy mycelial tissue which contains the spore-bearing cavities present in asteromycetes gloeocystidia: thin-walled cystidia with refractive, frequently granular contents granulate: covered with tiny particles hyaline: translucent or transparent, colourless hygrophanous: becoming darker coloured and appearing watersoaked when wet, drying paler hymeniform: resembling a hymenium but lacking functional basidia hymenium: spore-bearing surface hypha: (plural hyphae) a single filament, the basic unit forming the fungus (adjective hyphal) immarginate: without a distinct edge infundibuliform: funnel-shaped innate: inseparable, bedded in intercalary: between two cells iodoform: a crystalline compound of iodine, used as an antiseptic, with a distinctive smell (iodine) lageniform: shaped like a narrow-necked flask lanceolate: elongate and tapering towards both ends latex: a milky, usually white juice exuded by the gills of lactarius species when cut or broken marginate: (bulb) having a well-defined edge, e.g. Cortinarius amoenolens Melzer’s Reagent: 1.5g iodine, 5g potassium iodide + 100g chloral hydrate dissolved in 100ml warm distilled water; mucronate with a short, sharp point milk: a milky, usually white juice exuded by the gills of Lactarius species when cut or broken monomitic: having only one kind of hyphae mycelium: (plural mycelia) vegetative stage of a fungus comprising a thread-like to felt-like mass NaOH or KOH: sodium or potassium hydroxide: a 10% aqueous solution palmate: having lobes radiating from a central point, like fingers on a hand papillate: having a small, nipplelike protuberance paraphyses: sterile hyphal filaments interspersed between the asci partial veil: see veil pedicel: a small stalk pellicle: a detachable skin-like cuticle peridioles: pea-shaped structures containing the spores perithecia: flask-shaped spore producing chambers found in the Pyrenomycetes group of Ascomycetes Phenol: a 2% aqueous solution pleurocystidia: cystidia on gill sides pore: (of polypores) the mouth of a tube pruinose: having a flour-like dusting punctate: minutely dotted or pitted pyriform: pear-shaped recurved: bent back reflexed: turned sharply back or up resupinate: lying flat on the substrate, with the spore-producing layer outwards reticulum: a network of raised ridges found on surface of stem or spores of some mushrooms rhizoid root-like structure rhizoid: root-like structure rhizomorph: cord-like structure comprising a mass of hyphae ring zone: faint mark where ring has been ring: remains of partial veil, only present in some Agarics (see partial veil) saccate: bag-like sclerotium: (plural sclerotia) firm, rounded mass of hyphae, often giving rise to a fruit body scurfy: surface covered with tiny flakes or scales sensu lato: in the broad sense septate: divided by cell walls septum: (plural septa) a dividing cell wall sessile: without a stem seta: (plural setae) a stiff hair or bristle sinuate: (of gills) = emarginated notched just before joining the stem, e.g. Hebeloma crustuliniforme sphaerocyst: a globose cell sphaeropedunculate: a cystidium swollen spherically at the tip and tapered into an elongated stalk spinulose: finely spiny spore print: deposit of spores falling from a cap placed gills or pores downwards on a sheet of paper or glass spore: general term for the reproductive unit of a fungus, usually consisting of a single cell which may germinate to produce a hypha from which a new mycelium arises (see ascospore, basidiospore) sporulating: producing spores squamous, squamulose: having small scales squamule: a small scale stellate: star-like striate: with fine lines sub lente: (literally under a lens) observed through a magnifying lens sub: (prefix) not quite, somewhat, e.g. subglobose, almost spherical sulcate: grooved SV: sulpho-vanillin: a few crystals of vanilla dissolved in 2ml conc. sulphuric acid + 2ml distilled water to give a yellow solution. A drop placed on a Russula stem discolours violet-purplish in most cases or carmine in other species. tomentum: thick matted covering of soft hairs (adjective tomentose) trimitic: having three kinds of hyphae tuberculate: with small wart-like nodules tubes: spore-producing layer in certain fungi, e.g. Boletus pinicola umbo: a central hump on a cap like a shield boss umbonate: having an umbo universal veil: see veil utriform: bag- or bladder-like veil: protective tissue enclosing the developing fruit body; universal veil encloses the whole developing fruit body, partial veil (of agarics and certain boletes) joins the edge of the cap to the stem enclosing the developing spore-producing surface and in some general later forming the ring or cortina (adjective velar) ventricose: inflated or swollen vermiform: worm-like verrucose: with small rounded warts vesicle: small bladder-like sac (adjective vesicular) vesiculose: formed of vesicles vinaceous: wine-coloured volva: cup-like bag enclosing stem base in some agarics, the remains of the universal veil |
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