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�:
(mu) a micron, 1�=0.001 millimetre (one-thousandth of a millimeter)

adnate:
(of gills) connected to stem by whole depth of gill, e.g. Stropharia aeruginosa

adnexed:
(of gills) connected to stem by part of the depth of the gill

adpressed:
closely flattened onto surface

agaric:
general term for a fungus with gills

Ammonia:
a 50% aqueous solution

amyloid:
turning blue-black in iodine solutions such as Melzer�s reagent

appendiculate:
fringed with remains of the veil, e.g. Lacrymaria velutina

appressed:
closely flattened onto surface

Ascomycetes:
one of the major groups in fungi containing all those producing spores in asci which are liberated by pressure

ascospores:
reproductive cell of the Ascomycetes

ascus:
(plural asci) elongated cell in which ascospores are produced

basidia:
club-shaped cells on which spores are produced in Basidiomycetes

Basidiomycetes:
a major and very diverse group of fungi,including gill fungi, boletes, polypores, clavarias, jelly fungi and Gasteromycetes, characterized by the presence of Basidia

basidiospore:
reproductive cell of the Basidiomycetes

binding hyphae:
much-branched, thick-walled hyphae without dividing cell walls which bind other hyphae together

bulb:
abrupt swelling at stem base

bulbous:
swollen into a bulb, e.g. Cortinarius auroturbinatus

caespitose:
joined in tufts, e.g. Hypholoma fasiculare

campanulate:
bell-shaped, e.g. Conocybe lactea

capillitium:
mass of sterile threadlike fibres among the spores in the Gasteromycetes which may aid spore dispersal

capitate:
with a round head

cartilaginous:
firm but flexible, as opposed to granular

cheilocystidia:
cystidia on the gill edge

chlamydospore:
a thick-walled, non-deciduous spore

chrysocystidia:
cystidia with granular contents which turn yellowish in alkali solutions

clamp connection:
a hyphal outgrowth connecting the two adjoining cells resulting from a cell division bypassing the dividing cell wall and apparently involved in the movement of nuclei

clavate:
club-like, e.g. Clitocybe clavipes

coralloid:
much-branched, corallike

cortina:
(adjective cortinate) weblike covering running between stem and cap edge enclosing the gills, e.g. Cortinarius auroturbinatus

cortinal zone:
faint remnant of cortina on stem

crescentric:
crescent-like in form

cuticle:
the surface tissue layer of the cap or stalk

cystidiole:
a sterile cell protruding beyond the spore-bearing surface

cystidium:
(plural cystidia) sterile cell, variable in shape, occurring between basidia in the sporebearing surface, or in other parts of the fruit body

decurrent tooth:
(of gill) where only the narrow end portion of the gill runs down the stem

decurrent:
(of gills) running down the stem, e.g. Clitocybe infundibuliformis

dendroid:
tree-like

dermatocystidia:
cystidia on the cap surface

dextrinoid:
turning reddish-brown with iodine solutions such as Melzer�s

dichotomously:
(branched) branching repeatedly in two

dimitic:
having two kinds of hyphae

eccentric:
(of stem) off center, not centered in the cap

emarginate:
(of gills) see sinuate

equal:
(of stem) being of the same thickness over its entire length

excentric:
off-centred

FeSO4:
solution or crystal applied to Russula stems may give significant colour change

fibril:
a small fibre

fibrillose:
covered with small fibres

filiform:
thread-like

fimbriate:
fringed

flexuose, flexuous:
undulating

floccose:
cottony, covered with cottony tufts

free:
(of gills) not connected to stem, e.g. Amanita muscaria

fugacious:
short-lived, fleeting

fusiform:
spindle-shaped, narrowing at both ends

fusoid:
somewhat spindle-shaped

Gasteromycetes:
a large, diverse group within the Basidiomycetes characterized by the basidiospores maturing within the fruit body; includes puff-balls, earth stars, stinkhorns and birds-nest fungi

generative hyphae:
thin-walled, branched hyphae with dividing cell walls, giving rise to other types of hyphae, e.g. binding hyphae

germ-pore:
a differentiated area in a spore wall which may give rise to a germination tube

glabrous:
smooth, hairless

glandular dots:
moist, sticky spots on surface of stem

gleba:
fleshy mycelial tissue which contains the spore-bearing cavities present in asteromycetes

gloeocystidia:
thin-walled cystidia with refractive, frequently granular contents

granulate:
covered with tiny particles

hyaline:
translucent or transparent, colourless

hygrophanous:
becoming darker coloured and appearing watersoaked when wet, drying paler

hymeniform:
resembling a hymenium but lacking functional basidia

hymenium:
spore-bearing surface

hypha:
(plural hyphae) a single filament, the basic unit forming the fungus (adjective hyphal)

immarginate:
without a distinct edge

infundibuliform:
funnel-shaped

innate:
inseparable, bedded in

intercalary:
between two cells

iodoform:
a crystalline compound of iodine, used as an antiseptic, with a distinctive smell (iodine)

lageniform:
shaped like a narrow-necked flask

lanceolate:
elongate and tapering towards both ends

latex:
a milky, usually white juice exuded by the gills of lactarius species when cut or broken

marginate:
(bulb) having a well-defined edge, e.g. Cortinarius amoenolens

Melzer�s Reagent:
1.5g iodine, 5g potassium iodide + 100g chloral hydrate dissolved in 100ml warm distilled water; mucronate with a short, sharp point

milk:
a milky, usually white juice exuded by the gills of Lactarius species when cut or broken

monomitic:
having only one kind of hyphae

mycelium:
(plural mycelia) vegetative stage of a fungus comprising a thread-like to felt-like mass

NaOH or KOH:
sodium or potassium hydroxide: a 10% aqueous solution

palmate:
having lobes radiating from a central point, like fingers on a hand

papillate:
having a small, nipplelike protuberance

paraphyses:
sterile hyphal filaments interspersed between the asci

partial veil:
see veil

pedicel:
a small stalk

pellicle:
a detachable skin-like cuticle

peridioles:
pea-shaped structures containing the spores

perithecia:
flask-shaped spore producing chambers found in the Pyrenomycetes group of Ascomycetes

Phenol:
a 2% aqueous solution

pleurocystidia:
cystidia on gill sides

pore:
(of polypores) the mouth of a tube

pruinose:
having a flour-like dusting

punctate:
minutely dotted or pitted

pyriform:
pear-shaped

recurved:
bent back

reflexed:
turned sharply back or up

resupinate:
lying flat on the substrate, with the spore-producing layer outwards

reticulum:
a network of raised ridges found on surface of stem or spores of some mushrooms rhizoid root-like structure

rhizoid:
root-like structure

rhizomorph:
cord-like structure comprising a mass of hyphae

ring zone:
faint mark where ring has been

ring:
remains of partial veil, only present in some Agarics (see partial veil)

saccate:
bag-like

sclerotium:
(plural sclerotia) firm, rounded mass of hyphae, often giving rise to a fruit body

scurfy:
surface covered with tiny flakes or scales

sensu lato:
in the broad sense

septate:
divided by cell walls

septum:
(plural septa) a dividing cell wall

sessile:
without a stem

seta:
(plural setae) a stiff hair or bristle

sinuate:
(of gills) = emarginated notched just before joining the stem, e.g. Hebeloma crustuliniforme

sphaerocyst:
a globose cell

sphaeropedunculate:
a cystidium swollen spherically at the tip and tapered into an elongated stalk

spinulose:
finely spiny

spore print:
deposit of spores falling from a cap placed gills or pores downwards on a sheet of paper or glass

spore:
general term for the reproductive unit of a fungus, usually consisting of a single cell which may germinate to produce a hypha from which a new mycelium arises (see ascospore, basidiospore)

sporulating:
producing spores

squamous, squamulose:
having small scales

squamule:
a small scale

stellate:
star-like

striate:
with fine lines

sub lente:
(literally under a lens) observed through a magnifying lens

sub:
(prefix) not quite, somewhat, e.g. subglobose, almost spherical

sulcate:
grooved

SV:
sulpho-vanillin: a few crystals of vanilla dissolved in 2ml conc. sulphuric acid + 2ml distilled water to give a yellow solution. A drop placed on a Russula stem discolours violet-purplish in most cases or carmine in other species.

tomentum:
thick matted covering of soft hairs (adjective tomentose)

trimitic:
having three kinds of hyphae

tuberculate:
with small wart-like nodules

tubes:
spore-producing layer in certain fungi, e.g. Boletus pinicola

umbo:
a central hump on a cap like a shield boss

umbonate:
having an umbo

universal veil:
see veil

utriform:
bag- or bladder-like

veil:
protective tissue enclosing the developing fruit body; universal veil encloses the whole developing fruit body, partial veil (of agarics and certain boletes) joins the edge of the cap to the stem enclosing the developing spore-producing surface and in some general later forming the ring or cortina (adjective velar)

ventricose:
inflated or swollen

vermiform:
worm-like

verrucose:
with small rounded warts

vesicle:
small bladder-like sac (adjective vesicular)

vesiculose:
formed of vesicles

vinaceous:
wine-coloured

volva:
cup-like bag enclosing stem base in some agarics, the remains of the universal veil

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